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Warmest wishes,
Gina
http://www.supersmartcarbon.com/

Messenger Enters Mercury’s Orbit

On Thursday, March 18^th the Messenger unmanned spacecraft entered Mercury’s orbit.  The last time a spacecraft sent to Mercury was Mariner 10 in 1974 and at that time Mariner 10 was only able to photograph 75% of Mercury’s surface.  Messenger will orbit Mercury for one year and will map the entire surface including color photographs.  On April 4^th, the science portion of the mission will begin as NASA scientists and engineers will begin getting data to interpret from Mercury’s surface.  Over the next few months we should be getting some never before seen images of Mercury.  NASA has a website dedicated Messenger webpage with updates on the mission and photographs.

Weather on Mercury today: very hot (again)

Mercury is a strange, small planet.  Mercury is a bit smaller than Earth’s moon.  Mercury takes 88 Earth days to circle the sun – this is the length of its year.  Oddly, one day on Mercury is equal to 59 days on Earth.  It takes Mercury 1,407 hours to rotate 360^o.  Mercury does not have an atmosphere to retain heat so its temperatures range from 800 ^oF in the day to -279 ^oF at night.  Mercury is a dense planet and its core is 65% iron in a form that is not normally seen on Earth.  This composition is unexpected in such a small planet.  Some scientists theorize that Mercury could have been a larger planet at one time and some sort of massive collision caused it to lose its outer layers.  The elemental composition of Mercury is one of the topics that is being studied in the Messenger mission.  You can learn more about Mercury on NASA’s Mercury page.

Angolatitan Adamastor Dinosaur -- Eaten by Sharks?

This week scientists announced the discovery of a new dinosaur species that they have named Angolatitan adamastor.  The fossils were found in Angola, a country in Western Africa and are about 90 million years old.  The fossils belong to a kind of long-necked, plant-eating sauropod.  The name Angolatitan adamastor means “Angolan Giant”.

Scientists theorize that the Angolatitan adamastor may have been eaten by sharks.  The fossils of the dinosaur were found in the bed of an ancient lake along with fish and shark teeth.  The Angolatitan adamstor may have been swept offshore into the water where hungry sharks attacked and ate it.  Those were some hungry sharks!

Why Do Four-Leaf Clovers Have Four Leaves?

Finding a four-leaf clover is lucky, but how lucky?  Scientists have estimated that there is one four-leaf clover for every 10,000 three-leaf clovers making them very rare.  Four-leaf clovers occur in nature because of their genes.

All living things have genes.  In a simple definition, a gene is the basic unit of heredity.  For example, my daughter has blue eyes because of her genes which she received from her Dad and I.  Over the past 15 years, scientists have been able to identify many genes not only in people, but also in plants and animals.  In 2010, researchers led by Professor Wayne Parrott at the University of Georgia found the gene for the four-leaf trait in clover.  This is a recessive gene meaning that it happens less frequently.  Additionally, this gene is influenced by the environment.  For example, clover growing at different temperatures or subject to different amounts of light with the same genes can grow differently with three or more leafs.

Clovers are associated with St. Patrick’s Day because legend has it that St. Patrick used the three-leaf clover to teach Christianity in Ireland.  Each of the leaves represented the Father, Son, and the Holy Spirit.    In modern times, people believe that the leaves on a four leaf clover represent hope, faith, love, and luck. 

Happy St. Patrick’s Day!

Here is the link to the paper by Professor Parrott and his research team on leaf traits in clover.

Super Moon on Saturday, March 19th!

On Saturday March 19^th we will see a really big full Moon.  In fact, scientists call it a Super Moon.  (Creative bunch, aren’t they?)  The moon will look bigger than it has since March 1983. 

Full Moons look different in size due to the closeness of the Moon’s orbit to Earth.  Moons do not orbit the Earth in a circular orbit but rather in an elliptical orbit.  (The video here from NASA shows the elliptical orbit.)  On Saturday, the moon will be at the closest point to Earth in 18 years.  The Moon will look 14% larger and 30% brighter.  Time to take out your cameras and telescopes!

Some reporting on the internet has incorrectly hypothesized that the upcoming Super Moon influenced the tsunami in Japan last week.  This is not true.  The Moon does not have enough gravitational pull at any point in its elliptical orbit to influence tides as significantly as we saw in the horrific tsunami last week.

What Caused the Earthquake in Japan?

The entire surface of the Earth is covered by large plates.  These plates are constantly moving very slowly -- an average of two inches per year.  The plates are rubbing together, sinking beneath each other or moving away from each other.  Over time, these movements can cause earthquakes. 

The islands of Japan are located where three plates meet.  Throughout history, Japan has been subject to many terrible earthquakes. 

This short video has a great explanation for how earthquakes happen. 

The USGS has a a website for kids about earthquakes with more videos and educational games. 

I'm Atoms (Scientific Cover of Jason Mraz's I'm Yours)

Here in Chicago it has been gray for the last three weeks – no sun, just melting snow and rain.  This song made our day.  It has sunshine, great music and atoms!  The lyrics include fabulous lines such as:

“Atoms bond together to form molecules

Most of what’s surrounding me and you…”

This science verse has been set to the music of Jason Mraz’s “I’m Yours”.  This is a must watch!

Look, it’s the Empire’s Death Star!

Click here to see a photograph of the Empire’s Death Star.  No… wait…  it’s actually Mimas, a moon of Saturn.  Mimas has a large crater named Herschel which makes it look like the Death Star in the Empire Strikes Back.

Mimas was discovered in 1789 by William Herschel.  It is the moon closest to Saturn and the eighth moon orbiting Saturn.  It is quite small at only 250 miles in diameter (approximately the distance from New York City to the suburbs of Washington DC).  The surface of Mimas is dominated by the crater Herschel which was probably created by a large asteroid hitting the moon.  The entire surface of Mimas appears to be covered by smaller craters. 

William Herschel’s son suggested that the moon keep in the tradition of naming celestial objects after Greek Mythological figures.  Herschel named this moon Mimas after the son of Gaia.  Mimas and his brothers were Gigantes, serpent-footed giants.  Ares, the Greek God of War, killed Mimas killed in battle. 

William Herschel built his own telescopes, the most powerful at that time.  In 1781, he had another very important find, Uranus, the first planet identified with a telescope and the first discovered since ancient times. 

What are UW Badger Scientists Doing at the South Pole?

Hunting neutrinos, of course.  University of Wisconsin professor Francis Halzen developed the idea of the project now called IceCube.  Halzen is a professor of physics and wanted to study neutrinos which are subatomic particles (meaning smaller than atoms).  Neutrinos are emitted by cosmic events such as supernovas and black holes.  These neutrinos are very difficult to find and Professor Halzen theorized that he could locate them more easily in ice. 

IceCube is an observatory that instead of looking at stars looks into ice.  Engineers drilled through the ice with hot water up to one and a half miles deep.  They dug a total of 86 holes.  (See here for a great picture.) Along the way, they placed sensors to detect the neutrinos.  When a neutrino collides with an atom of ice, the collision creates a particle called a muon.  The muon emits blue light and the sensors can pick this up. Voila, Professor Halzen finds his neutrinos.

Who’s at the South Pole?

Not Santa Claus – he lives at the North Pole.  There are many penguins, but there are people too.  Approximately 3,000 Americans per year are at the South Pole through USAP (the United States Antarctic Program).  The USAP has had people researching and working at the South Pole since 1956 and currently operates three research stations.  At the Amundsen-Scott South Pole Station, which is at the actual geographic South Pole, the temperature averages -60 degrees Fahrenheit all year.  For six months of the year, the South Pole has sunlight 24 hours per day.  The US is not the only country with people at there.  Forty-eight countries participate in the Antarctic Treaty sending people to research at the South Pole.   Click here to see photographs about the research happening at the South Pole. 

Facts about Antarctica from USAP.gov

·         Antarctica is bigger than US and Mexico combined

·         Antarctica is covered with ice and holds 90% of the world’s ice.  The ice averages over 7,000 feet thick and in some places is as much as 14,000 feet thick.

·         If the ice sheet in Antarctica were to melt, the worldwide sea levels would raise 200 feet.  California, Florida, New York and other coastal states would all be under water!

·         The ice sheet on Antarctica is constantly shifting and moves about 30 feet a year.  Parts of the ice sheet break off and fall into the ocean forming icebergs.  The largest iceberg is the size of Delaware.

This link is the online news center called the Arctic Sun, the source for what is happening at the South Pole. 

Not All Starfish Have 5 Arms

The Sun Starfish (Pycnopodia Helianthoides) can have up to 24 arms and be 30 inches in diameter – they’re huge!  In fact, they are the largest starfish in the oceans.  They are quite pretty and come in shades of pink, purple, red, yellow and brown.  However, looks can be deceiving.  The Sun Starfish is a fierce predator.  It loves to eat sea urchin and it will also eat clams, sea cucumbers and its distant relatives – other starfish!  It is very fast and can move three feet per minute.  Like other starfish, they can regrow their arms if lost.  For example, if a Sun Starfish gets caught by a king crab, it can shed its arms to escape the crab’s grasp.  The Sun Starfish’s arms will grow back in a few weeks.

Watch this cool video of a Sun Starfish chasing sea urchins.

Who Is 179 Years Old?

Why Jonathan, of course.  Jonathan is a Seychelles giant tortoise who is 179 years old.  He was born in 1832.  He was born before computers, telephones and cars were invented.  He was born before the Civil War.  Jonathan lives on the island of St. Helena, off the coast of Africa.  He spends his time on the grounds of the governor’s residence which is called Plantation House.  Jonathan is similar to Galapagos giant tortoises which weigh up to ¼ of a ton and have shells over 3 feet across.

So why do these tortoises live so long?  Scientists do not have a complete answer; more research needs to be done.  Some scientists theorize that it is partly because of the tortoise’s strong shell which serves as protective armor against predators.  Scientists also theorize that tortoises have their young at an older age and therefore put all their energy when they are young towards surviving.

Space Shuttle Discovery’s Final Mission

On February 24^th, Spaceship Discovery started its final mission, STS 133.  (Click here to see a video of the launch.)  Discovery has six crew members on board and the purpose of the mission is to dock with the International Space Station and deliver a module which is essentially additional rooms to be used for lab and storage space. 

Discovery has flown into space more than any other spacecraft.  It is one of five shuttles used by NASA which also included Challenger, Columbia, Atlantis, and Endeavour.  Discovery first launched in 1984.  Since that time, it has made 38 missions, circled the Earth 5,628 times and has taken 246 astronauts into space.  It has traveled 143 million (143,000,000) miles.  It has spent almost an entire year in space.  Now it is time for Discovery to retire.  NASA has created a video of great video of Discovery’s history, please click here.

A Spaceship With a Sail?

NASA has designed a spacecraft that moves through space with a solar sail.  Picture an unmanned spacecraft with a rectangular gold metallic sail that is 100 feet square.  Photons from the sun moving through space hit the sail and move the spacecraft.  NASA launched the NanoSail-D and deployed its sail over the U.S. in low orbit in January.  Here is a link with a great picture of what the spacecraft probably looks like.

Through March 7^th, the spacecraft moving through space can be seen with the naked eye (no telescope needed)!  To help you see NanoSail-D, NASA has partnered with SpaceWeather.com to provide tracking maps (click here) so you know when to look up in the sky.  In Chicago, we will be looking north/northwest at 6:30 pm today.  SpaceWeather.com is hosting a photo competition with prizes up to $500.  Go to http://www.nanosail.org/ to learn more about the contest.

The Deep Carbon Observatory

Here at SuperSmart Carbon, we love learning about carbon.  Apparently, we are not alone.  There is a project being launched called the Deep Carbon Observatory that is being funded by the Alfred P. Sloan Foundation.  The purpose of this group is to study carbon deep inside the earth.  Carbon makes up somewhere from 0.7% to 3.2% of the earth’s elements.  We know that there is carbon trapped under the earth’s crust, but we don’t know how much.  The Deep Carbon Observatory is going to study how much carbon there is in the earth and what happens to it.  Another question is what form is the carbon in?  Is it in the form of diamonds?  Is it in the form of organic life?  Scientists have found a lot of microscopic organisms under the earths’ crust.  What if there is as much life under the earths’ crust as there is on the earth’s surface.  This is a whole new area for science to studying.  Click here to learn more about the Deep Carbon Observatory.

Where does gas come from?

Carbon!  (We always love it when the answer is carbon.)  The gas we use to power our cars comes from decomposing organic matter.  What does that mean?  All life has carbon in it -- this includes everything living from you and me to zebras, tapeworms, tulips and seaweed.  Since all living things have carbon in them, they are referred to as organic matter.  Non-organic matter includes things like rocks, water and metals.  When something organic dies, it goes into the earth’s surface.  For example, when a leaf falls off a tree, it settles on the ground.  Over the next months, it slowly rots and dries up.  This process is called decomposition.  As the leaf decomposes, it releases its carbons.  This carbon combines hydrogen to form hydrocarbons.  Hydrocarbons take many forms including oil, which can be refined to gas to make our cars go, natural gas to heat our houses, and petroleum which is used in things like plastics.

Here is great short video about the formation of gas (it includes dinosaurs!). 

A meteorite will (probably) hit earth today

Each year, thousands of meteorites hit earth. Meteorites are parts of asteroids that have broken off or dust from comets.  Most are so small that we don’t even see them. Others fall in places that we cannot find them, like in the oceans.  A scientist at Washington University in St. Louis has compiled a map of the US showing the number of meteorites found in each state.  Click here to see how many have been found in your state.  In Arizona, there is a crater named Meteor Crater – it was caused when a meteor hit Earth 20,000 to 30,000 years ago.  It is as big as 20 football fields!  (Click here for a video.)

As previously stated, most meteorites are very small and do little damage.  In modern times, no person has been killed by a meteorite.  One of the most significant meteorites to enter earths’ atmosphere in modern times landed in Siberia, Russia in 1908.  It destroyed hundreds of square miles of forest. 

Jupiter has how many moons?!?

Jupiter has 63 moons!  Some are very small and others are larger than Pluto.  The four largest moons are called the Galilean moons because they were discovered by Galileo Galilei in the year 1610.  Ganymede is the largest moon and it is bigger than Mercury.  It is the ninth largest object in our solar system.  The other three Galilean moons are Io, Europa, and Callisto and all are larger than Pluto.  The 59 smaller moons tend to be less than 160 miles in diameter.  Some of these smaller moons have irregular (non-spherical) shapes and astronomers theorize that they have originated from passing asteroids that were pulled into Jupiter’s’ orbit by gravity. 

In February 2007, NASA’s New Horizons spacecraft flew near Jupiter and took pictures of Ganymede, Io, Europa and Callisto.    Click here to see those pictures.

Do bees have GPS?

Did you ever wonder how bees always find honey?  They tell each other.  And no, bees do not have voices to speak with.  They communicate with each other by doing a little dance.  After a bee finds a flower with pollen, it returns to the hive.  There, it dances for the other bees.  The orientation of the dance describes the angle to travel away from the sun.  The length of the dance communicates how long it will take to fly to the flowers. 

There is a great video created by researchers at Georgia Tech here that shows how the bees do their waggle dance.

Ugh, skunk!

It is that time of year in Chicago – the skunks are coming out, we can smell them!  The last two years in a row, our little white dog was skunked in February.  I am hoping we avoid the smelly hat trick this year.  Have you ever smelled a skunk?  They smell like a mixture of rotten eggs, burnt rubber and garlic.

So, why do skunks smell?  Skunks spray as a defensive mechanism.  Skunks release a fluid from two scent glands on their backsides.  The spray can fly through the air from five to sixteen feet!  For example, when my little white dog goes up to a skunk and wants to play with it, (see picture of Cortland after a trip to the groomer) the skunk gets scared, turns around, lifts his tail and sprays him in the face.  The spray bothers Cortland, burns his eyes and makes him sneeze.  While Cortland is dealing with that issue, the skunk can run away.  Skunks spray the smelly scent to protect themselves from predators.

By the way, the best way I have found to clean Cortland is equal parts hydrogen peroxide, baking soda and Palmolive soap.  I didn’t want to use tomato juice and turn the little white dog pink.

Here is a great video of the chemical compounds in the skunk spray.  Here is a video of baby skunks - they are kind of cute when they are small!